Band-stop filter - Wiki(Description)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stop_filter

Band-stop filter

In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection filter is a filter that passes most frequencies unaltered, butattenuates those in a specific range to very low levels. It is the opposite of a band-pass filter. A notch filter is a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband (high Q factor).

Narrow notch filters (optical) are used in Raman spectroscopy, live sound reproduction (public address systems, or PA systems) and in instrument amplifiers (especially amplifiers orpreamplifiers for acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitar,mandolin, bass instrument amplifier, etc.) to reduce or preventaudio feedback, while having little noticeable effect on the rest of the frequency spectrum (electronic or software filters). Other names include 'band limit filter', 'T-notch filter', 'band-elimination filter', and 'band-reject filter'.

Typically, the width of the stopband is 1 to 2 decades (that is, the highest frequency attenuated is 10 to 100 times the lowest frequency attenuated). However, in the audio band, a notch filter has high and low frequencies that may be onlysemitones apart.

Generic electrical schematic of a simple band-stop filter

Contents   [hide]  1 Examples 1.1 In the audio domain 1.2 In the radio frequency (RF) domain 1.3 In the optical domain 2 See also 3 References

[edit]Examples

[edit]In the audio domain

Anti-hum filter

For countries using 60 Hz power lines:

• Low Freq: 59 Hz
• High Freq: 61 Hz

This means that the filter passes all frequencies, except for the range of 59–61 Hz. This would be used to filter out themains hum from the 60 Hz power line, though its higher harmonics could still be present.

For countries where power transmission is at 50Hz, the filter would have a 49–51 Hz range.

Anti-presence filter

• Low Freq: 1 kHz
• High Freq: 4 kHz

For attenuating presence.

[edit]In the radio frequency (RF) domain

Non-linearities of power amplifiers

When measuring the non-linearities of power amplifiers, a very narrow notch filter can be very useful to avoid the carrier frequency. Use of the filter may ensure that the maximum input power of a spectrum analyser used to detect spurious content will not be exceeded.

Wave trap

A notch filter, usually a simple LC circuit, is used to remove a specific interfering frequency. This is a technique used with radio receivers that are so close to a transmitter that it swamps all other signals. The wave trap is used to remove, or greatly reduce, the signal from the local transmitter.^[1]

[edit]In the optical domain

Optical notch filters rely on destructive interference.